We cover business opportunities in Residential, Public Sector, Commercial and Industry, how you will prepare your technical team to fulfill customer requirement? How can you offer optimum electric bill saving or increase money for your Residential, Public Sector, Commercial and Industry customer? Learn from Institute of Solar Technology. You will become good Rooftop Solar Business Developer – 100% grantee. See Detail Syllabus
Electricity Duty
Electricity duty is defined as per the policy of the central government with taxes going to the state government. This differs from state to state. The tax is also different for different sectors and industries.
Electricity Duty is applicable on the usage of electricity and the amount goes to the state government. The amount is applicable as per the central government policy.
Cross Subsidy
Though the cost of supplying electricity to all the categories of consumers remain the same the tariff charged is different. Domestic consumer may be charged Rs.2.5 per unit whereas industrial consumer may be charged Rs.3.5 per unit for the consumption. Domestic consumers are cross subsidized by the industrial consumers. This happens to be one of the major tool for energy conservation.
Electricity Duty or Tax
As a substitute to the cross-subsidy, state government uses tax and duty to give subsidy to the needy consumers. Different duty or tax is charged for different consumer categories. With the collection of this duty, government manages the finances for the subsidy that is provided to the needy consumers.
Application of Electricity Duty or Tax
The duty is charged on consumption at the applicable rate per unit of electricity consumed. If you electricity consumption is higher, you will be getting a higher electricity duty. Certain states the duty is charged on the total charges. The only way to reduce the duty is to reduce the consumption per month. This ensures that efficient energy conservation measures are taken.
Details of electricity duty or tax is as follows as per the Tariff Orders issued by various State Power Utilities:
State | Domestic | Commercial | Agriculture | LT Industry | HT industry | Railway |
Andhra Pradesh | 6 | 6 | - | 6 | 6 | - |
Assam | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | - |
Bihar | 6% | 6% | 4 | 6% | 6% | 6% |
Chandigarh | 9 | 11 | - | 11 | 11 | - |
Delhi | 5% | 5% | 5% | 5% | 5% | 5% |
Goa | 20 | 70 | 20 | 70 | 70 | - |
Gujarat | Rural - 7.5% Urban – 15% | 25% | - | 10% | 15% | - |
Haryana | 15 | 15 | - | 15 | 15 | - |
Himachal Pradesh | 3% | 8% | 10% | Small – 10% Medium – 15% | 17% | - |
Jammu and Kashmir | 14 – 22% | 14 – 22% | 22% | 22% | 22% | - |
Jharkhand | 20-24 | 24-30 | 2 | 5 | 5 | 15 |
Karnataka | 6% | 6% | - | 6% | 6% | 6% |
Kerala | 10% | 10% | 10% | 10% | 10% | - |
Madhya Pradesh | 9-15% | 9-15% | - | 9% | 15% | - |
Maharashtra | 15% | 17% | - | 9% | 9% | - |
Manipur | 2 Surcharge – 10% | 2 Surcharge – 10% | 2 Surcharge – 10% | 2 Surcharge – 10% | 2 Surcharge – 10% | - |
Meghalaya | 5 | 6 | 6 | 1-3% | 1-3% | - |
Orissa | 4% | 4% | 2% | 4% | 7% | - |
Punjab | 13% | 13% | - | 13% | 13% | 13% |
Rajasthan | 40 | 40 | 4 | 40 | 40 | - |
Tamil Nadu | - | 5% | - | 5% | 5% | - |
Uttarakhand | 15 | 15 | 15 | 20 | 25 | - |
Uttar Pradesh | 5 | 7.5 | 7.5 | 7.5 | 7.5 | - |
West Bengal | 10% | 10-15% | - | 2.5-12.5% | 15% | - |
Note:
- The above data is Paisa per KWH.
- The data was published on March, 2014. The rates may be different for 2016.
States that do not charge any tax are:
Andaman and Nicobar IslandArunachal PradeshDadra and Nagar HaveliDaman and DiuLakshadweepMizoramNagalandPondicherrySikkimTripura
six basic lithium battery get their names from their active materials.
- lithium Cobalt Oxide (liCoO2) LCO,
- Lithium Manganese Oxide (LiMn2O4) LMO,
- Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide LiNiMgCoO2 NMC,
- Lithium Iron Phosphate LiFePO4 LFP,
- Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminum Oxide LiNiCoAlO2. NCA
- Lithium Titanate Li2TiO3 LTO
LiFePO4 batteries ideally suited for solar applications where safety, stability, and cycle life are primary requirements.
The molecular structure absorbs and releases lithium ions without a large change in volume, and is resistant to the growth of defects from daily charge and discharge cycles.
The safety of NMC (also called NCM) electrodes is lower than LiFePO4, but it is typically better than other cobalt based electrodes.
Lithium Titanate
Lithium titanate (LTO) can be used instead of graphite for the anode (negative electrode) of NMC or lithium manganese oxide (LMO) batteries. Lithium titanate batteries are considered very safe and have extremely long cycle lifetimes.
Why Thermal Management is important?
- Temperature of the pack directly important:
- Electrochemical Reactions
- Efficiency of Pack
- Charge Acceptance
- Power & Energy Availability
- Safety & Reliability
- Life & life cycle cost
1. Cooling
Due to inefficiency, battery cells will not only generate electricity but also heat. This heat should be moved from the battery pack when battery temperature reaches the optimum temperature or even in advance. Thus, a cooling function is required in BTMS.
2. Heating
In cold climates, battery pack temperature probably falls below the lower temperature limit. Hence, a heating function, such as PTC heater, is required to assist the battery pack to reach the proper temperature range in a shorter time.
3. Insulation
In extreme cold or hot weather, the temperature difference between the inside and outside of the battery pack is much larger than that in mild weather.
4. Ventilation
Ventilation is required to exhaust the hazardous gases within battery pack. In some systems, such as air systems, this function is combined with cooling and heating functions.
- Electrical design
- Mechanical Design
- Thermal Design
- Life
- Durability
- Performance
- Safety
Number of cells assembled through series and or parallel connection to get required voltage and capacity called battery pack.
- Design Consideration for a battery pack:
- Cells connected in Series to get higher voltage
- Cells in connected in Parallel to get higher Capacity
Design Consideration for a battery pack:
- Thermal design to reduce the heat generated from the pack (cells) immediately
- Control Cells temperatures
- Mechanical design – safety considerations
- Control bulge effects
- Battery Management System (BMS)
- Monitor each cells voltage/current/temperature and balancing cells during charging and discharging
- Safety key – cut off system function when temperature increase
- Communicates with charger to charging strategy
- Electrical Design
- Choose Voltage and Current
- Limit cable/connector ohmic losses <200
Main Revenue Streams
EV Domain:
Other:
- Energy Storage System Manufacturers
- Solar Street light Manufacturers
- MCCB
- MCB
- SPD
- AC Meter
- DC Meter
- Auxiliary power supply
- Insulation monitoring device
- CM Board